State Council of Educational Research & Training, Punjab
Wednesday, November 20, 2013
Sunday, August 25, 2013
- Globalisation has brought in new opportunities to developing countries. Greater access to developed country markets and technology transfer hold out promise improved productivity and higher living standard.
- globalisation has also thrown up new challenges like growing inequality across and within nations,
- volatility in financial market and environmental deteriorations. Another
- Globalisation has intensified interdependence and competition between economies in the world market. As a result domestic economic developments are not determined entirely by domestic policies and market conditions. Rather, they are influenced by both domestic and international policies and economic conditions.
- Freeing of imports closure or reduction of production in domestic firmsproducing those goods. This in turn results in unemploymentin domestic land.
- Widening of inequality among rich and poor.
- The small firms may find it difficult to compete against the much competent foreign firms and may be forced to undergo acquisition for survival thereby loing their identity.
- Traditional culture may get negatively influenced by the the foreign one.
Tuesday, August 20, 2013
Town life and country life have their own advantages and disadvantages. The facilities of one are the drawbacks of the other and vice-versa. City people are cultered, civilized and cleverer than their counterparts dwelling in villages. But still, the life in a small village is worth enjoying because it provides stability, calmness and peace of mind, which are clearly absent from the life in towns.
Long years ago stress was never a part of anyone’s dictionary. However, today it is the most common word used by everyone ranging from a 13-year-old child to a 95 year old adult. Even after spending endless hours searching food for family and fighting dangerous wild animals they lived a better and happier life. they were very less dependent on power; no lights, no TV, no air condition, no refrigerator. So they were happy even though power failure and no power situation.
They ate fresh food and they breathed fresh air. They drank fresh water so they were least bother about pollution and mineral water
They ate fresh food and they breathed fresh air. They drank fresh water so they were least bother about pollution and mineral water
They lived in joint families. So every body helped each other. Now a days if some thing happen to us not even our neighbor will come to.
There life was peace and slow we are fast and panic.
Of course now we have lot of technology and medical facilities, problems like Terrorism and Diseases like AIDS, Swine Flu are also grown
in my point of view our forefathers were happier then us
Of course now we have lot of technology and medical facilities, problems like Terrorism and Diseases like AIDS, Swine Flu are also grown
in my point of view our forefathers were happier then us
Samskaras, or Hindu rites of passage, according to the ancient sage Panini, are the ornaments that decorate one's personality. They mark the important stages of one's life and enable one to live a fulfilling life complete with happiness and contentment. They pave the way for one's physical and spiritual journey through this life. It is believed that the various Hindu samskaras meticulously leads to a purification of one's sins, vices, faults, and even correction of physical deformities. The Upanishads mention samskaras as a means to grow and prosper in all four aspects of human pursuit -Dharma (righteousness), Artha (wealth), Karma and Kama (work and pleasure), and Moksha (salvation).
How Many Samskaras do Hindus have?
The detailed explanation about samskaras is found in the ancient Hindu scriptures - theSmritis and Grihasutras. However, all the different Grihasutras differ on both the names and numbers of samskaras. While the sage Aswalayana lays down 11 customs, Bauddhayana, Paraskar, and Varaha explain 13. Sage Vaikhana has 18 and Maharishi Gautam talks of 40 samskaras and 8 self qualities. However, the 16 samskaras that Rishi Veda Vyas propounded are considered the most important rites of passage in a Hindu's life.
What are the 16 Major Hindu Samskaras?
1. Garbhadhana is the conception ritual for having healthy children. Lord Brahma or Prajapati is appeased by this ritual.
2. Punswana is the fertilization ritual performed on the third month of pregnancy asking for life and safety of the fetus. Once again Lord Brahma is prayed to in this ceremony.
3. Seemantonnayana ritual is observed in the penultimate month of pregnancy for safe and assured delivery of the baby. This is a prayer to the Hindu God Dhata.
4. Jatkarma is birth ceremony of the new-born baby. On this occasion, a prayer is observed for goddess Savita.
5. Namkarana is the naming ceremony of the baby, which is observed 11 days after its birth. This gives the new-born an identity with which he or she will be associated all his life.
6. Niskramana is the act of taking the four-month-old child out for the first time into the open to sunbathe. The Sun God Surya is worshiped.
7. Annaprashana is the elaborate ceremony conducted when the child is fed cereal for the first time at the age of six months.
8. Chudakarma or Keshanta karma is the ceremonious tonsuring of the head and Lord Brahma or Prajapati is prayed and offerings made to him. The baby's head is shaved off and the hair is ceremonially immersed in the river.
9. Karnavedha is the ritual of having the ear pierced. These days it is mostly girls who have their ears pierced.
10. Upanayana aka thread ceremony is the investiture ceremony of the sacred thread where Brahmin boys are adorned with a sacred thread hung from one shoulder and passed around their front and back. This day, Lord Indra is invoked and offerings are made to him.
11. Vedarambha or Vidyarambha is observed when the child is initiated into study. In ancient times, boys were sent to live with their gurus in a 'gurugriha' or hermitage to study. Devotees pray to the Hindu God Apawaka on this occasion.
12. Samavartana is the convocation or the commencement to the study of the Vedas.
13. Vivaha is the lavish nuptial ceremony. After marriage, the individual enters the life of a 'grihastha' or conjugal life - the life of a householder. Lord Brahma is the deity of the day in the wedding ceremony.
14. Awasthyadhana or Vivahagni Parigraha is a ceremony where the marrying couple encircles the sacred fire seven times. It is also known as 'Saptapadi.'
15. Tretagnisangraha is the auspicious ritual that starts the couple on their domestic life.
The 8 Rites of Passage or Ashtasamskara
Most of the above 16 samskaras, which originated thousands of years ago, are practiced by most Hindus even to this day. However, there are eight rites that are considered essential. These are known as 'Ashtasamskaras', and they are as follows:
1. Namakarana - Naming ceremony
2. Anna Prasana - Beginning of solid food
3. Karnavedha - Ear piercing
4. Chudakarma or Chudakarana - Head Shaving
5. Vidyarambha - Beginning of Education
6. Upanayana - Sacred Thread Ceremony
7. Vivaha - Marriage
8. Antyeshti - Funeral or Last Rites
The Importance of Samskaras in Life
These samskaras bind an individual to the community that nurture the feeling of brotherhood. A person whose actions are connected to the others around him would definitely think twice before committing a sin. Lack of samskaras give rise to indulging in individual physical pleasures and fanning one's animal instincts. The inner demon is aroused that leads to the degeneration of oneself and the society as a whole. When a person is not aware of his moorings in society he runs his own selfish race against the world and the greed to pitch himself over others leads to destruction of not only his self but the entire human community. So, the samskaras act as a moral code of conduct for the society.
Benefits of Hindu Samskaras
1. Samskaras provide sound mental and physical health and the confidence to face life's challenges
2. They are believed to purify blood and increase blood circulation, sending more oxygen to every organ
3. Samskaras can energizes the body and revitalizes it
4. They can increase physical strength and stamina to work for longer period of time
5. They rejuvenate the mind and enhance concentration and intellectual capacity
6. Samskaras give a sense of belonging, culture, and refined sensibilities
7. They direct energy to humanitarian causes thereby building a strong character
8. Samskaras kill vices, such as pride, ego, selfishness, wrath, envy, covetousness, gluttony, sloth, lechery, greed and fear
9. They bestow moral and physical balance throughout life
10. Samskaras give the confidence to face death bravely owing to a contented and righteous life
Friday, June 28, 2013
The number pi (symbol: π is a mathematical constant that is the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter, and is approximately equal to 3.14159. It has been represented by the Greek letter "π" since the mid-18th century, though it is also sometimes written as pi. π is an irrational number, which means that it cannot be expressed exactly as a ratio of two integers. consequently, its decimal representation never ends and never settles into a permanent repeating pattern. The digits appear to be randomly distributed, although no proof of this has yet been discovered.
In the 20th and 21st centuries, mathematicians and computer scientists discovered new approaches that – when combined with increasing computational power – extended the decimal representation of π to, as of late 2011, over 10 trillion (1013) digits
Because its definition relates to the circle, π is found in many formulae in trigonometry and geometry, especially those concerning circles, ellipses, or spheres. It is also found in formulae from other branches of science, such as cosmology, number theory, statistics, fractals,thermodynamics, mechanics, and electromagnetism.
Fundamentals
Definition
The circumference of a circle is slightly more than three times as long as its diameter. The exact ratio is called π.
The ratio C/d is constant, regardless of the circle's size.
Name
Properties
π is an irrational number, meaning that it cannot be written as the ratio of two integers, such as 22/7 or other fractions that are commonly used to approximate π.[9] Since π is irrational, it has an infinite number of digits in its decimal representation, and it does not end with an infinitely repeating pattern of digits.
Antiquity
The Great Pyramid at Giza, constructed c. 2589–2566 BC, was built with a perimeter of about 1760 cubits and a height of about 280 cubits; the ratio 1760/280 ≈ 6.2857 is approximately equal to 2π ≈ 6.2832. Based on this ratio, some Egyptologists concluded that the pyramid builders had knowledge of π and deliberately designed the pyramid to incorporate the proportions of a circle.[24] Others maintain that the suggested relationship to π is merely a coincidence, because there is no evidence that the pyramid builders had any knowledge of π, and because the dimensions of the pyramid are based on other factors.
The earliest written approximations of π are found in Egypt and Babylon, both within 1 percent of the true value. In Babylon, a clay tablet dated 1900–1600 BC has a geometrical statement that, by implication, treats π as 25/8 = 3.1250. In Egypt, the Rhind Papyrus, dated around 1650 BC, but copied from a document dated to 1850 BC has a formula for the area of a circle that treats π as (16/9)2 ≈ 3.1605.
In India around 600 BC, the Shulba Sutras (Sanskrit texts that are rich in mathematical contents) treat π as (9785/5568)2 ≈ 3.088. In 150 BC, or perhaps earlier, Indian sources treat π as ≈ 3.1622.
Two verses in the Hebrew Bible (written between the 8th and 3rd centuries BC) describe a ceremonial pool in the Temple of Solomonwith a diameter of ten cubits and a circumference of thirty cubits; the verses imply π is about three if the pool is circular. Rabbi Nehemiah explained the discrepancy as being due to the thickness of the vessel. His early work of geometry, Mishnat ha-Middot, was written around 150 AD and takes the value of π to be three and one seventh.
The Indian astronomer Aryabhata used a value of 3.1416 in his Āryabhaṭīya (499 AD).
| 3.14159265358979323846264338327950288419716939937510 58209749445923078164062862089986280348253421170679... |
Water pollution has emerged as one of the gravest environmental threats in India
Water pollution is a reality of human existence. Activities like agriculture and industrial production generate water pollution apart from the biological waste. In India
All efforts by the government to put a check on wastewater management have failed as the treatment systems require high capital investment for installation and also high cost is incurred on operational maintenance. The cost of establishing and running a wastewater treatment plant in a factory can be as high as 20 percent of the total expenditure. Hence despite the presence of government norms, effluents continue to flow into the river bodies untreated.
On the other hand, the government of India India
Hence the government should, instead of spending money on pollution control schemes, divert its resources to encourage wastewater treatment in agriculture and industrial sector. The money spent on pollution control should be spent on giving subsidies to the industries which generate wastewater and on strict monitoring of their adherence to the norms.
It should not be forgotten that only 0.3 per cent of total water available on this planet is fit for consumption for human beings, animals & plants. The remaining 99.7 per cent is present either as sea water or as glaciers on the mountains. Hence ignoring the issue of water pollution any longer would mean inviting a Third World War which would be fought for the control of water resources.
GANGA ACTION PLAN
The Ganga action plan was, launched by Shri Rajeev Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India on 14 Jan. 1986 with the main objective of pollution abatement, to improve the water quality by Interception, Diversion and treatment of domestic sewage and present toxic and industrial chemical wastes from identified grossly polluting units entering in to the river. The other objectives of the Ganga Action Plan are as under.
· Control of non-point pollution from agricultural run off, human defecation, cattle wallowing and throwing of unburnt and half burnt bodies into the river.
· Research and Development to conserve the biotic, diversity of the river to augment its productivity.
· New technology of sewage treatment like Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) and sewage treatment through afforestation has been successfully developed.
· Rehabilitation of soft-shelled turtles for pollution abatement of river have been demonstrated and found useful.
· Resource recovery options like production of methane for energy generation and use of aquaculture for revenue generation have been demonstrated.
· To act as trend setter for taking up similar action plans in other grossly polluted stretches in other rivers.
· The ultimate objective of the GAP is to have an approach of integrated river basin management considering the various dynamic inter-actions between abiotic and biotic eco-system.
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